Friday, 10 October 2014
Writing a Research Proposal
OUTLINE AND REFLECT ON A RESEARCH PROPOSAL ON THE EFFECT OF MEDIA IN TEENAGERS AND CONSUMER CULTURE CHANGE
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this research proposal is to identify a need in the society/community for a research or study in the effects of the media. By identifying the problem, give background of the issues, purpose of research and the significance thereof.
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.1 Research question Research is a never ending process. In most instances, a research project designed to answer one series of questions no one thought of before. Wimmer & Dominick (2014:7). A research question should be clearly stated, specific and researchable. Brennen (2013:20).
The method used for this study will be mainly qualitative research. Qualitative researchers are interested in understanding the meaning people have constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the experiences they have in the world. But that does not isolate quantitative research from the study. The purpose of this research proposal is to identify a need in the society/community for a research or study in the effects of the media. By identifying the problem, give background of the issues, purpose of research and the significance thereof. The research question for the study will be “what role or rather influence do media play in the behavior and consumer culture of young people?” , with aspect to studying effects of media on audience.
1.2 Supporting facts for the type of study The type of study will be from an interpretative paradigm. According to Wimmer & Dominick (2014:117), the aim of this paradigm is to understand how people in everyday natural setting create meaning and interpret the events of their world. This paradigm became popular in mass media research in the 1970s and gained visibility in the 1990s. This paradigm is adopted for this study as we are studying the behavior of young people affected by mass media.
2. BACKGROUND
“Teenage Pop Culture, is it a myth or a truth?” The behavior of young people, especially teenager has been affected by the media, especially social media. Specifically having to focus in my country of origin South Africa. Our teenagers have lost their sense of identity and has adopted to the
2.1 Reasons for studying the problem
The main reason to conduct this research is because the results will be informative, educating and beneficial to the development of teenagers and be able to offer development programs to the young society.
3. PURPOSE
The purpose of this research proposal is to identify a need in the society/community for a research or study in the effects of the media. By identifying the problem, give background of the issues, purpose of research and the significance thereof.
4. SIGNIFICANCE
4.1 Benefits for studying the problem
The research can yield large benefits for individuals, households, and communities. But social science research can be a double edged sword. This suggests that social science research can generate both positive benefits, in the form of improved policies for managing economic systems, and negative benefits, in the form of poor policies, over and above any “production” costs associated with carrying out research.
Some social science research wells are not merely dry, but poisoned. The relevant question, therefore, especially in relation to policy-oriented social science. It is argued that, in principle, social science is no different than research in the physical sciences in that it provides new knowledge that alters the economic welfare of households. In addition, it is likely to be useful to identify the effects of social science research by recognizing that the initial impacts often alter total factor productivity within firms, households, and government agencies.
There are theories such as the “Two step flow theory” which are developed by researchers Katz and Lazarsfeld (1995) in understanding media audience. Steinberg (1995:194). Two step flow theory asserts that information from the media moves in two stages. Firstly, certain people who are heavy users of media receive the information and pass it on to people who are less exposed or consumers. The heavy users are called opinion leaders and in retransmitting the information they tend to include their own interpretation. Thus is called the agenda setting theory.
Another theory is the Uses and Gratifications Model. It is still unclear that there is any link between the consumption of violent media texts and violent imitative behavior. It is also clear the theory is flawed in that many people do watch violent texts and appear not to be influenced. The audience is in control and consumption of the media helps people with issues such as: learning, emotional satisfaction, relaxation, helps with issues of personal identity, help with issues of social identity, help with issues of aggression and violence
SOURCES CONSULTED:
Brennen, B. S. 2013. Qualitative Research: Methods for Media Studies. Routledge
Wimmer, RD & Dominick, JR. 2006. (the 10th edition is dated 2013).Mass media research: an introduction. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth.
Balnaves, M; Donald, SH & Shoesmith B: Media Theories and Approaches: A Global Perspective. Palgrave McMillian 2009
Steinberg, S. 2007. An introduction to communication studies. Juta
University of South Africa. Department of communication science.2014.Honours studies:Tutorial Letter 301/2014 for COMNHONE. Pretoria
University of South Africa. Department of communication science.2014.Media Research: Tutorial Letter
101/2014 for COM4802. Pretoria
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this research proposal is to identify a need in the society/community for a research or study in the effects of the media. By identifying the problem, give background of the issues, purpose of research and the significance thereof.
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.1 Research question Research is a never ending process. In most instances, a research project designed to answer one series of questions no one thought of before. Wimmer & Dominick (2014:7). A research question should be clearly stated, specific and researchable. Brennen (2013:20).
The method used for this study will be mainly qualitative research. Qualitative researchers are interested in understanding the meaning people have constructed, that is, how people make sense of their world and the experiences they have in the world. But that does not isolate quantitative research from the study. The purpose of this research proposal is to identify a need in the society/community for a research or study in the effects of the media. By identifying the problem, give background of the issues, purpose of research and the significance thereof. The research question for the study will be “what role or rather influence do media play in the behavior and consumer culture of young people?” , with aspect to studying effects of media on audience.
1.2 Supporting facts for the type of study The type of study will be from an interpretative paradigm. According to Wimmer & Dominick (2014:117), the aim of this paradigm is to understand how people in everyday natural setting create meaning and interpret the events of their world. This paradigm became popular in mass media research in the 1970s and gained visibility in the 1990s. This paradigm is adopted for this study as we are studying the behavior of young people affected by mass media.
2. BACKGROUND
“Teenage Pop Culture, is it a myth or a truth?” The behavior of young people, especially teenager has been affected by the media, especially social media. Specifically having to focus in my country of origin South Africa. Our teenagers have lost their sense of identity and has adopted to the
2.1 Reasons for studying the problem
The main reason to conduct this research is because the results will be informative, educating and beneficial to the development of teenagers and be able to offer development programs to the young society.
3. PURPOSE
The purpose of this research proposal is to identify a need in the society/community for a research or study in the effects of the media. By identifying the problem, give background of the issues, purpose of research and the significance thereof.
4. SIGNIFICANCE
4.1 Benefits for studying the problem
The research can yield large benefits for individuals, households, and communities. But social science research can be a double edged sword. This suggests that social science research can generate both positive benefits, in the form of improved policies for managing economic systems, and negative benefits, in the form of poor policies, over and above any “production” costs associated with carrying out research.
Some social science research wells are not merely dry, but poisoned. The relevant question, therefore, especially in relation to policy-oriented social science. It is argued that, in principle, social science is no different than research in the physical sciences in that it provides new knowledge that alters the economic welfare of households. In addition, it is likely to be useful to identify the effects of social science research by recognizing that the initial impacts often alter total factor productivity within firms, households, and government agencies.
There are theories such as the “Two step flow theory” which are developed by researchers Katz and Lazarsfeld (1995) in understanding media audience. Steinberg (1995:194). Two step flow theory asserts that information from the media moves in two stages. Firstly, certain people who are heavy users of media receive the information and pass it on to people who are less exposed or consumers. The heavy users are called opinion leaders and in retransmitting the information they tend to include their own interpretation. Thus is called the agenda setting theory.
Another theory is the Uses and Gratifications Model. It is still unclear that there is any link between the consumption of violent media texts and violent imitative behavior. It is also clear the theory is flawed in that many people do watch violent texts and appear not to be influenced. The audience is in control and consumption of the media helps people with issues such as: learning, emotional satisfaction, relaxation, helps with issues of personal identity, help with issues of social identity, help with issues of aggression and violence
SOURCES CONSULTED:
Brennen, B. S. 2013. Qualitative Research: Methods for Media Studies. Routledge
Wimmer, RD & Dominick, JR. 2006. (the 10th edition is dated 2013).Mass media research: an introduction. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth.
Balnaves, M; Donald, SH & Shoesmith B: Media Theories and Approaches: A Global Perspective. Palgrave McMillian 2009
Steinberg, S. 2007. An introduction to communication studies. Juta
University of South Africa. Department of communication science.2014.Honours studies:Tutorial Letter 301/2014 for COMNHONE. Pretoria
University of South Africa. Department of communication science.2014.Media Research: Tutorial Letter
101/2014 for COM4802. Pretoria
Sunday, 14 September 2014
REFLECT ON RESEARCH TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING MEDIA INSTITUTIONS AND MEDIA AUDIENCE
REFLECT ON RESEARCH TECHNIQUES OF STUDYING MEDIA INSTITUTIONS AND MEDIA AUDIENCE
With all the intense research that one has deployed so far in media research, one can conclude that social science research in a never ending process. Media studies are part of social research; hence it is very crucial to understand media institution together with their main custodian the audience. All this can be achieved by researching both and recognising that both might from time to time be studied by different method together or in isolation. It has been proven that audience research might not be the same as studying institution. According to, Schroder, Drotner, Kline and Murray (2003:16) all audience is obstructive.
Media audience cannot be studied empirically without at the same time interfering with the phenomenon to be studied, every day practices through which people use and make sense of the media. This is one of the major characteristics that differentiate audience research from other types of media research that studies content. Because the analysis of content can be measured and interpreted without interfering or affecting the object. It has been on ongoing concern about the method of participator observation among earthographers when studying audience as the minute we study audience we will be intruders in their lives and we will be affecting their behavior either predictably or unpredictably. The moment we start talking to people about their media experiences, things might get more complicated, because we cannot take mutual understanding for granted even when researcher and informant belong to the same ethnic group Schroder, Drotner, Kline and Murray (2003:17). For this reason audience research can never claim to find the truth about audience practices and meanings, only partial insight about how audiences use the media in a specific context.
Moving to another domain of audience research technique is where data collection takes place through some sort of personal encounter between researcher and informant, be that an individual or a focus group interview. This result in an interpersonal communication exchange which as per prior discussion we highlighted how the interpersonal contact can to some degree result in interference with the research results. From the viewpoints of the methods discussed above to study media audience it can be concluded that there is no empirical method to study that can provide a rock solid knowledge about human society and its social and cultural practices. The methods available to study media audience are not perfect but there is no alternative except ignorance, which comes at a great cost for the society and media institutions. Imagine if we did not have a study on how the television soapie Generations that plays on SABC 1 weekdays affects the audience behavior, the producer Mfundi Vundla will not be concerned with replacing the 16 main cast that he has fired due to an illegal strike for better working conditions.
In studying media audience we mostly aim at the results of how the audience is being affected by the media culture. Another important aspect of researching media is looking into the media culture and media institutions. A great deal of research into media and culture is conducted or commissioned by media companies and organisations involved in the production, distributions and dissemination of media. Which those we call media institutions, Stokes (2003:98). We need to ask ourselves as media researchers as to how can one research media culture? There are several methods for addressing different aspects of researching a media institution. Archive research is the most frequently used of all methods of media research in the cultural and film industry. It is sometimes a bit challenging to use archive research in media institution as media scholars as most institution do no freely make their documents accessible to the public.
The other method study media institution is the interview. Whereas archives research focuses on what has been written or recorded, interviews are the primary means by which we use people as source of evidence in our research. With respect to the study of media institutions interviews are used differently as compared to the study of media audience. With studying media audience it is not necessary to interview more than one person to get the results intended for the research. In the case of media institutions is you are going to be using interviews as a primary source of information, you probably several people to ensure your subjects are all representative. Remember with the study of audience you study the effect of media institutions to people, but with the study it media institutions you are studying the impact on institution on audience; hence you are required to have all subjects represented. Note that one most important aspect in the different techniques in studying media audience and institutions is the considerations of ethics in both studies. In audience research ethics are more considered than in media institutions. In studying media institutions it is important to understand the history of the institution as it shapes the future direction of the institution in the social environment.
SOURCES CONSULTED: Schroder, K. Drotner, K. Kline, S. and Murray C. 2003. Researching Audience. London: Arnold
Stokes, J. 2003. How to do media and cultural studies research. London: Sage
University of South Africa. Department of communication science.2014.Honours studies:Tutorial Letter 301/2014 for COMNHONE. Pretoria
University of South Africa. Department of communication science.2014.Media Research: Tutorial Letter 101/2014 for COM4802. Pretoria
With all the intense research that one has deployed so far in media research, one can conclude that social science research in a never ending process. Media studies are part of social research; hence it is very crucial to understand media institution together with their main custodian the audience. All this can be achieved by researching both and recognising that both might from time to time be studied by different method together or in isolation. It has been proven that audience research might not be the same as studying institution. According to, Schroder, Drotner, Kline and Murray (2003:16) all audience is obstructive.
Media audience cannot be studied empirically without at the same time interfering with the phenomenon to be studied, every day practices through which people use and make sense of the media. This is one of the major characteristics that differentiate audience research from other types of media research that studies content. Because the analysis of content can be measured and interpreted without interfering or affecting the object. It has been on ongoing concern about the method of participator observation among earthographers when studying audience as the minute we study audience we will be intruders in their lives and we will be affecting their behavior either predictably or unpredictably. The moment we start talking to people about their media experiences, things might get more complicated, because we cannot take mutual understanding for granted even when researcher and informant belong to the same ethnic group Schroder, Drotner, Kline and Murray (2003:17). For this reason audience research can never claim to find the truth about audience practices and meanings, only partial insight about how audiences use the media in a specific context.
Moving to another domain of audience research technique is where data collection takes place through some sort of personal encounter between researcher and informant, be that an individual or a focus group interview. This result in an interpersonal communication exchange which as per prior discussion we highlighted how the interpersonal contact can to some degree result in interference with the research results. From the viewpoints of the methods discussed above to study media audience it can be concluded that there is no empirical method to study that can provide a rock solid knowledge about human society and its social and cultural practices. The methods available to study media audience are not perfect but there is no alternative except ignorance, which comes at a great cost for the society and media institutions. Imagine if we did not have a study on how the television soapie Generations that plays on SABC 1 weekdays affects the audience behavior, the producer Mfundi Vundla will not be concerned with replacing the 16 main cast that he has fired due to an illegal strike for better working conditions.
In studying media audience we mostly aim at the results of how the audience is being affected by the media culture. Another important aspect of researching media is looking into the media culture and media institutions. A great deal of research into media and culture is conducted or commissioned by media companies and organisations involved in the production, distributions and dissemination of media. Which those we call media institutions, Stokes (2003:98). We need to ask ourselves as media researchers as to how can one research media culture? There are several methods for addressing different aspects of researching a media institution. Archive research is the most frequently used of all methods of media research in the cultural and film industry. It is sometimes a bit challenging to use archive research in media institution as media scholars as most institution do no freely make their documents accessible to the public.
The other method study media institution is the interview. Whereas archives research focuses on what has been written or recorded, interviews are the primary means by which we use people as source of evidence in our research. With respect to the study of media institutions interviews are used differently as compared to the study of media audience. With studying media audience it is not necessary to interview more than one person to get the results intended for the research. In the case of media institutions is you are going to be using interviews as a primary source of information, you probably several people to ensure your subjects are all representative. Remember with the study of audience you study the effect of media institutions to people, but with the study it media institutions you are studying the impact on institution on audience; hence you are required to have all subjects represented. Note that one most important aspect in the different techniques in studying media audience and institutions is the considerations of ethics in both studies. In audience research ethics are more considered than in media institutions. In studying media institutions it is important to understand the history of the institution as it shapes the future direction of the institution in the social environment.
SOURCES CONSULTED: Schroder, K. Drotner, K. Kline, S. and Murray C. 2003. Researching Audience. London: Arnold
Stokes, J. 2003. How to do media and cultural studies research. London: Sage
University of South Africa. Department of communication science.2014.Honours studies:Tutorial Letter 301/2014 for COMNHONE. Pretoria
University of South Africa. Department of communication science.2014.Media Research: Tutorial Letter 101/2014 for COM4802. Pretoria
Wednesday, 4 June 2014
Finding Credible Sources
CREDIBLE SOURCES USED WHEN DEVELOPING QUALITATIVE RESERCH PROJECT
Source 1
Qualitative Research: Defining and Designing. Sage publications http://www.google.co.za/url?url=http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/48453_ch_1.pdf&rct=j&frm=1&q=&esrc=s&sa=U&ei=q5yUU4b6O-Pb7AblkoDwDw&ved=0CBkQFjAA&sig2=ZR2fh3aeEDXeRWLHepxJZA&usg=AFQjCNHJZg0p2rksGpbwU_Yw4GS_Ys9P2w The writing states that ultimately, there is no right or wrong way of conducting a qualitative research project. Some approaches are more favorable than others. Qualitative research is placed the observer in the universe. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that makes the world visible. It turns the universe into a series of presentation and narrates the story in a natural form by its naturalistic approach to the world.
The reason for choosing this publication as a credible source is that the author recognises that there is no ultimate definition to qualitative research. The other thing is that the author recognizes the inputs from other authors. The use of the diagram in explaining the topology of qualitative research demonstrates how the author understands the topic.
Source 2
Qualitative Media Analysis Altheide, DL. 1996. Qualitative Media Analysis: qualitative research methods series 38. A SAGE University paper. SAGE publications. The purpose of the author in this book is to convey the sense of the total qualitative research project. In this book we traditional concept of objective content analysis on qualitative research is merged together with participation observation to form ethnographic content analysis.
The book is credible source as it is suitable for both students and professional which allows an individual to apply at the practical environment after completing the academic portion. The appendix that includes references that are used in the book, which makes it credible. Also the fact that is part of a series of at publications which can be used for reference and continuation of study.
Source 3
Media Research Methods Gunter, B. 2000. Media Research Methods: measuring audience, reaction and impact. A SAGE University paper. SAGE publications. Qualitative method of research in this book is being explained as a method that holds methodologies that are theoretically framed by critical social science. Again it explains that qualitative research practices the methodology that allows respondents to converse freely about their media experiences, choosing their own answers and their own language.
The author here gives a detailed theoretical background of both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. When defining in detail the qualitative methods he gives in details all qualitative research methods which indicate his understanding of the method. The content of the book has been put in such a way that it makes it easier for the reader to understand the whole view of the book.
Source 4
Mass Communication Research Singletary, M. 1994. Mass Communication Research: contemporary methods and application. University of Tennese, Knoxville. Longman publications. The characteristics of qualitative research in the book are being defined as it attaches meaning to human behavior which is made up of responses to stimuli in the world. It states the goal of qualitative research is to understand the world from the perspective of the people being studied.
The book is chosen as a credible source because if the way it has been put together. The first part of the book where the contents are arranged in parts, which makes it an easy to read book. The second part of the preface where it illuminates in detail what the book covers. Acknowledging all the contributors to the book is the most impacting part as a credible source as it even highlights the academic records of the contributors.
Source 5
Doing Media Research Priest, SH. 2010. Doing Media Research: an introduction. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. SAGE publications. Qualitative research in this book is defined by explaining the different ways to conduct the research process. Here the uniqueness of qualitative research, which is the setting, people, or material under study, keeping good records, and all other elements of qualitative research is being recognized.
The source has been chosen to be a credible source as it explains the concept of mass communication as a research field, then goes into detail on both the quantitative and qualitative method. This allows the student to be able to analyse and critisise both methods and arrive into a conclusion as to method to deploy for the research in question.
Source 6
What is Qualitative Research? http://www.bloomsburyacademic.com/view/What-Is-Qualitative-Research/chapter-ba-9781849666084-chapter-001.xml?print Qualitative research is being defined in three different definitions that illustrate the author’s understanding of the subject. As these three definitions make clear, what are taken as the defining criteria of qualitative research can vary considerably? This perhaps tells us that it is not a simple phenomenon, not one that is easily characterised. It is being defined as a form of social inquiry that tends to adopt a flexible and data-driven research design, to use relatively unstructured data, to emphasize the essential role of subjectivity in the research process. The author is credible as he makes his contrast to quantitative research.
Qualitative Research, Textual Analysis and Ethics in Media Research
Welcome to my Blog, my name is Bertha Sekgothe. Regard myself as a developing media specialist hence I am pursuing my career in media studies. I am employed by the top Pay TV Company in Africa. Having obtained a junior Diploma in telecommunications that’s where my interest in communication science evolved. Behind the career woman that I am, you are looking at very fun loving, energetic and accomplishment driven woman.
The interest in this topic was deduced from the inquisitive mind that I have and the fact that I have never found myself in a day or less not interacting in any form of media platforms, either formal media or social media. The other thing is the enquiry on the impact of media on our identification. “The power of the media” Research is not a once off study but it is an ongoing process, I am looking forward to continue with my topic until to Doctorate level. By the end of this course I am anticipating to have achieved in becoming a better research specialist and come up with continual research processes in this field of study.
The purpose of my blog as mentioned earlier is to explore the impact of media on our identification as individual and engage will fellow student in broadening the spectrum of my understanding of media research. As I am conducting a lot of research on my professional and personal level
RESEARCH PROCESS
Wimmer & Dominick 2009 argues to that research is an attempt to discover something. It is a never ending process. In most instances, a research project designed to answer one series of questions produces a new set of questions no one thought of before.
According to Priest (2010:35), mass communication research is a latecomer among other social science fields. It borrows most of its methods from other social science fields such as anthropology, sociology, and psychology – as well as history, economics another relative latecomer: political science.
TEXTUAL ANALYSIS
According to (Wimmer & Dominick: 2006) textual analysis is popular with mass media researchers because it is an efficient way to investigate the content of the media, such as the number and types of advertisements in broadcasting or the print media.
In content analysis, researchers are more interested in the meanings associated with messages than with the number of times message variables occur. ( Frey, Botan, & Kreps.1999
Another definition of content analysis argued from ( Berger 1991:25) is that it is research based on measuring the amount of something ( e.g. violence, negative portrayal of women or whatever) found in representative samples of a mass-mediated popular art form.(Fourie 2009:5)
From the above reflections of content analysis from different researchers, it can be established that textual analysis is a key research tool and best suited to analyse the effect of mass on identification of individual and society at large furthermore media research can rightfully call its own.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Priest (2010:6) states that qualitative research methods are designed to explore and assess things that cannot be easily summarised numerically. The method relies on the interpretation and analysis of what people do and say without making heavy use of measurement or numerical analysis as quantitative methods do.
Furthermore Stokes (2003:3) mentions that in contrast qualitative research is the name given to a range of research paradigms that are primarily concerned with meaning and interpretation. These interpretive approaches sprang the literacy studies and hermeneutics.
As qualitative research method relies on the interpretation of data and its concern with meaning and interpretation, making it a very good reason that it is used researching media and cultural studies. The method used narrative data, such as television programmes, magazines also including audio recordings and other forms of non-quantitative data.
ETHICS IN MEDIA STUDIES RESERCH
“Being ethical is the right thing to do” Wimmer & Dominick (2006:67).According to Oosthuizen (2010:5) ethics deal with the moral component of human life. As a branch of Philosophy, it focuses on what is good, acceptable and proper in the society, and what is not.
Specifically for this context of this theme “ethics” can be described as those principles that describe “good” and “effective” research in media studies. (University of South Africa 2014:46).Qualitative research can sometimes give the impression of being subjective in nature because of the active role of researchers, thus strategies to relate in an ethical way requires to be developed.
FIVE CORE PRINSIPLES OF QUALITATIVE RESERCH ETHICS
Privacy and confidentiality
Any individual participating in a research study has a reasonable expectation that privacy will be guaranteed. Consequently, no identifying information about the individual should be revealed in written or other communication. Further, any group or organization participating in a research study has a reasonable expectation that its identity will not be revealed. I would like you to think about privacy of two kinds: institutional and individual. (Ethical issues in qualitative research, Chapter4….)
Voluntarily participation in research, according to Wimmer & Dominick (2006:69) an individual is entitled to decline or participate in any research project or to terminate participation at any time. Researchers in an authority role should not manipulate participant to engage on research. For example a manager in an industrial environment should not coerce subordinates to get involved in a survey for the benefit of being recognized as a team work initiative.
Closely related to voluntary participation is the notion of informed consent, states Wimmer & Dominick (2006:69). He further mentions that for people to volunteer for a research project, they need to make an intelligent choice. Researchers must inform the participant of all they are required to know about the research and also obligated to respond to all concerns from the participants. For incase in an online survey, participant should be notified as to how many questions the survey has, also that in participating in the online survey the participant can be exempted from telephonic survey that is going to be conducted in the next two weeks.
Concealment and deception
Concealment is withholding certain information from the subject and deception is deliberately providing false information. Wimmer & Dominick (2006:72) Researchers should make sure that they provide an environment that is trustworthy. At the same time, they need to be sensitive to the power that they hold over participants.
SOURCES CONSULTED
Wimmer, RD & Dominick, JR. 2006. Mass media research: an introduction. 10th edition. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth.
Frey, L., Botan, C., & Kreps, G. (1999). Investigating communication: An introduction to research methods. (2nd Ed.) Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Fourie, P J(Ed.). 2009. Media Content and Media Volume 3. Juta
Priest, SH. 2010. Doing Media Research: an introduction. University of Nevada,Las Vegas. SAGE. 2nd edition
Stokes, J. 2003. How to do media and cultural studies research. London:Sage
Oosthuizen, LM. 2010. Media Ethics, In the South African Context: an introduction an overview. Juta
University of South Africa. Department of communication science.2014.Media Reserch:Tutorial Letter 101/2014 for COM4802. Pretoria
Ethical issues in qualitative research, Chapter4. [Online] Available from: http://www.uk.sagepub.com/upm-data/27011_4.pdf [Accessed: 2014-06-06]
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